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CHAPTER XIV ENGLISH LANGUAGE（第1页）

CHAPTERXIVENGLISHLANGUAGE

BeginSources—ThePresent

TheEnglishlaongueinEnglandandheriesthroughouttheworldandalshoutthegreaterpartoftheUesofAmerica。Itsprangfruespokeons，whocameovertoBritaihequestofthattrybytheRomales，Saxons，JutesahertribesfromtheofGermany。Theyspokedifferethesebedediry，aetoobeknownastheAnglo-Saxonwhichhasbeenthemainbasisfuageasatpresentstitutedandisstilltheprevailihereforethtodoawaywithsomelo-Saxonwords，ohattheyarenotrefioexpresstheiraestheticideas，areunderminingmainpropswhiecessaryforthesupportofsomeimportantpartsintheedificeofthelanguage。

TheAnglo-Saxosuppliestheessentialpartsofspeech，theartiounofallkiion，theauxiliaryverbs，thedthelittleparticleswhidwordsienthejoints，sinewsahelafurindispensablewordsofthevocabulary。（SeeChap。XIII。）hebeautyofAnglo-SaxoratedthanintheLord'sPrayer。Fifty-fourureSaxonandtheremainingonescouldeasilybereplacedbySaxospelofSt。JohnisaratioexclusiveuseofAnglo-Saxoneare，athisbest，isAnglo-Saxon。HereisaquotatioofVenidofthefifty-fivewordsfifty-twlo-SaxthreeFrench:

Allthatglittersisnotgold—Oftenhaveyouheardthattold?

Manyamahsold，Butmyoutsidetobehold。

Guildedtombsdowormsinfold。Hadyoubeenaswiseasbold，Younginlimbs，iold，Yourabeeninscrolled—Fareyouwell，yoursuitiscold。

TheliothemouthofHamlet'sfatherienseness，selytoDante'sinsoeofhell，haveonehundredaAnglo-SaxonandbutfifteenLatinwords。

ThesestituelishisLatinwhiprisesthosewordsderiveddiretheoldRomanandthosewhidirectlythroughtheFrenerwereiheRomans，whoglandatthecloseofthesixthderAugustiechieflytoecclesiasticalaffairs，sutfromsanctus，religiio，chalicalix，massfrommissa，ethadreek，aspriestfrompresbyter，whiwasadirectderivativefromtheGreekpresbuteros，alsodeatheGreekdiakonos。

&classofLatinwordsarethosewhichcamethroughtheNorman-FrenaheNormanshadadopted，withthereligion，thelanguage，lawsandartsoftheRomanizedGaulsandRomanizedFranks，andafteraresidenorethauryiheysuccessfullyinvadedEnglandin1066underWilliamthequerorandaheFrenismsbedistihespelling。ThusSaviourtheLatinSalvaththeFrenchSauveur?judgmentfromtheLatinjudiclumthroughtheFre?people，fromtheLatinpopulus，throughtheFrec。

FtimetheSaxuesrefusedtocoalesdwereliketwodistisflowingiions。Normanokenbythelordsandbaronsiles，iasofjustibythepeopleintheirruralhomes，fieldsandworkshops。Formorethanthreehuhestreamsfloart，butfinallytheybleakiiishelements，acamethepresentEnglishlassimplesystemofgrammatifleditsrichvocabulary。

&herofEnglishproseisgenerallyregardedasWycliffe，whotraheBiblein1380，whilethepaterhesecularpoeticalfieldaretwinedaroundthebro>

&heGermanianic，whistitutethegreaterpartoftheEnglishlahertongueshavefura。OfthesetheCelticisperhapstheoldest。TheBritonsatCaesar'sinvasiooftheCelticfamily。TheCeltiisstillspokenintwodialects，theWelshiheGaeliIrelandandtheHighlandsofSd。TheCeltiEnglish，areparativelyfew?cart，dock，wire，rail，cradle，babe，grown，griddle，lad，lass，aresomeinmostonuse。

TheDaesfromthepirativasiohauries。Itinger，awe，baffle，bang，bark，bawl，blunder，boulder，box，club，crash，dairy，dazzle，fellow，gable，gain，ill，jam，kidnap，kill，kidney，kneel，limber，litter，log，lull，lump，mast，mistake，nag，nasty，niggard，hh，rump，sale，scald，shriek，skin，skull，sledge，sleigh，tagle，tipple，trust，viking，ic。

FromtheHebrewwehavealargenumberofpropernamesfromAdamaoJohnandMaryandsuessiah，rabbi，hallelujah，cherub，seraph，hosanna，manna，satan，Sabbath，etc。

MaermsandnamesofbranchestheGreek。Infaearlyallthetermsandart，fromthealphabettothehighestpeaksofmetaphysidtheology，ediretheGreek—philosophy，logithropology，psychology，aesthetics，grammar，rhetoric，history，philology，mathematics，arithmetiy，anatomy，geography，stenography，physiology，architedhundredsmoreinsimilardomains?thesubdivisionsandramifisoftheologyasexegesis，hermeics，apologetiiatics，ethiiletics，etc。，areallGreek。

&chhavegivenussomemodererms，assloop，ser，yadalsoahersasboom，bush，boor，brandy，duck，reef，skate，wagoanhattanislandgaveusboss，thenameforemployeroroverseer，alsocoldslaa（cutdvinegar），andanumberofgeographicalterms。

Manyofourmostpleasingeuphonicwords，espetherealmofmusic，havebeeousdiretheItalian。Ofthesearepiano，violira，to，allegro，piazza，gazette，umbrella，gondola，bac。

Spanishhasfurhalligator，alpaca，bigot，ibal，cargo，filibuster，freebuano，hurrie，mosquito，ampede，potato，tobaato，tarill，etc。

FromArabicwehaveseveralmathematiical，medidchemicaltermsasalcohol，albic，algebra，alkali，almanac，assassin，azure，cipher，elixir，harem，hegira，sofa，talismahandzero。

Bazaar，dervish，lilac，pagoda，，scarlet，shawl，tartar，tiaraandpeaetousfromthePersian。

Turban，tulip，divanandfirmaurkish。Drosky，knout，rouble，steppe，ukaseareRussian。

TheIndianshavehelpedussiderablyaheyhavegiveremelyeuphonicasexemplifiedinthenamesofmanyofourriversandStates，asMississippi，Missouri，Minnehaha，Susquehanna，Monongahela，Niagara，Ohio，Massachusetts，ecticut，Iowa，Nebraska，Dakota，etadditiontothesepropernameswehavefromtheIndians，hammoahawk，oic。

Therearemanyhybridwlish，thatis，wfromtwoormuages。Infaglishhasdrawnfromallsourditisdailyaddingtefamily，andaddiitisspreadiheromisestotakeiirehumanfamilybesf。ItistheopinionofmanythatEnglish，inashorttime，willbeetheuniversallaisaughtasabranchofthehighereduthebestcollegesaiesofEuropeandinallercialeverylandthroughouttheworld。InAsiaitfollowstheBritishswayandthehighwayshthevastempireofEastIndiawithitstwohundredandfiftymilliohenandMohammedaninhabitants。ItislargelyusedisofJapananddtheivesofthesetrieswhitisingeveryday。ItisfirmlyestablishedinSouthAfrica，Liberia，SierraLeone，andinmanyoftheislandsoftheIndianandSouthSeas。Itisthelaralia，asmania，andmissiorodutoalltheislandsofPolymaybesaidtobethelivingerguageoftheNorthAmerient，fromBaffin'sBaytotheGulfofMexidfromtheAtlantictothePaditisspelyinmanyoftherepublierica。Itisnotlimitedbyparallelsoflatitude，ormeridiansoflowlish-speakingtries，EnglaedStates，aredisseminatingitnorth，south，eastaheentireworld。