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CHAPTER XIII CHOICE OF WORDS（第1页）

CHAPTERXIIICHOICEOFWORDS

SmallWords—TheirImportaheAnglo-Saxo

Inanotherplathisbookadvicehasbeeoneverusealongwordwhenashortohesamepurpose。Thisadviphasized。Wordsof&quthandthunderingsound"shouldbeavoidedonallpossibleos。Theyproclaimshallowelleityofmipurists，themastersofdi，theexemplarsofstyle，usedshort，simplewordsthatallderstand?wordsaboutwhichthereoambiguityastomeaning。Itmustberememberedthatbyourwordsweteachothers?therefreatresponsibilityrestsupardtotheuseuage。Wemusttakecarethateakinawaysoclearthattheremaybenomisapprehensierofgwrongimpressionsbyvagueandmistyideaseermswhichareliabletobemisuoodbythosewhomweaddress。Wiveabodyorformtoourideas，withoutwhichtheyareabletobesofoggythatwedoheyare>

&maketheeoemploysuchuttheideawehaveinourownmindintothemindofahisisthegreatestartioclotheourideasinwordsdpreheheihers。Itistheartwhichtheteacher，themihelawyer，theorator，thebusinessman，mustmasteriftheywouldaheirvariousfieldsofeisveryhardtoideato，aon，anotherwheafaiionofthelanguageinwhichtheideaisexpressed?butitisimpossibletoveyitatallhichitisclothedareunintelligibletothelistener。

IfweaddressanaudieneheEnglishlausesuchwordsastheypreheaswellspeaktotheminCoptiese，fortheywillderivefromouraddress，inasmuchastheideaswewishtoveyareexpressedinwordswhiuelligeotheirminds。

Longwords，learnedwords，wordsdirectlyderivedfresareooodbythosewhohavehadtheadvantagesofaion。Allhavenothadsutages。Thegreatmajorityinthisgrandandglorioustryofourshavetohustleffre。Thougheduisfree，andpulsoryalso，verymafurtherthahreeR's。"Thesearethemenehavetodealmostinthearehemenwiththehornypalmsandtheirohemenwhobuildourhouses，structourrailroads，driveourstreetdtrains，tillourfields，harvestouraword，themenwhoformthefoundationofallsociety，themenonwhomtheworlddependstomakeitswheelsgoround。Thelahecollegesaiesisnotforthemaalohoutit?theyhaveatalliivegs。Theplain，simplewordsofeverydaylife，towhionpeoplehavebeenusedaroundtheirownfiresidesfromchildhood，arethewordswemustuseinswiththem。

Suchwordsareuoodbythemaoodbythelearhehemuniversallyaime?Whymakeaone-sidedaffairoflanguagebyusingwordswhieclassofthepeople，theso-calledlearneduand?Woulditouse，onallos，lahebothclassesderstahetroubletoieweshallfindthatthemehegreatestswayoverthemassesaudeasorators，lawyers，preadinotherpubliccapacities，weremenwhousedverysimplelanguage。Daerwasamooratorsthistryhasproduced。Hetouchedtheheartsofsenatesandassemblages，ofmeheburningeloquenceofhiswords。Heneverusedalongwordwhenheveythesame，orhesame，meaningwithashortone。eechhealwaystoldthosewhoputitinformforthepresstostrikeword。Studyhisspeeches，gooverallheeversaidorwrote，andyouwillfindthathislanguagewasalofshterms，althoughattimes，forthesakeofsoundandoratoricaleffect，heelledtousearatherlongword，butitwasalwaysagainsthisintodoso，ahemanwhot，withwords，asWebsterpainted!Hecouldpigsinawaysoclearthatthosewhoheardhimfeltthattheyhadseenthatofwhichhespoke。

AbrahamLinwasairredthesoulsofmeanorator，notascholar?hedidnoth。D。afterhisname，oranyedegree，forhehadedfromtheUyofHardKnodhethissevereAlmaMaterwhenhebecamePresideedStates。Helain，Ijustashumble，asinthedayswherailsorpliedaboatontheSausebigwords，butheusedthewordsofthepeople，andinsuchawayastomakethembeautiful。HisGettysburgaddressisanEnglishclassieofthegreatmasterpiecesofthelanguage。

Fromthemerefactthatawordisshortitdoesnotfollowthatitisalwaysclear，butitistruethatnearlyallclearwordsareshort，andthatmostofthelongwords，especiallythosewhichwegetfres，aremisuoagreatextentbytheordinaryrankahepeople。Iistobedoubtedifsomeofthe"scholars"usingthem，fullyuheirimportonos。Agreatmanysuitofseveraliions。Awordhastobeidealbeforepeoplegetthhlyfamiliarwithitsmeaning。Longwords，notalhtaheideashazy，butattimestheytendtomixupthingsinsuchaositivelyharmfulresultsfollowfromtheiruse。

Forinstance，besocoveredwiththefoldsoflongwordsastogiveitadifferentappearahehideousnessofsinbecloakedwithsuchwordsuntilitsoutlineslooklikeathiy。Whenabankcashiermakesoffwithahuhousanddollarswepolitelytermhiscrimedefalsteadofplai，andinsteadofghimselfathiefwegrandioselyalludetohimasadefaulter。ealthymanstaggeringalongafashiohhfareuheinfluenceofalcohol，wavinghisarmsintheairandshoutingboisterously，entleman，heissomewhatexhilarated?oratworstwesay，heisslightlyiwhenoormanwhohasfallenfromgracebyputtingaohismouthtostealawayhisbrain"weexpressnationinthesimplelahewords:"Lookatthewretch?heisdeaddrunk。"

Whenersonindhtlyihefalsehoodwiththefinely-spuncloakofthewordprevari。Shakespearesays，"arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet，"andbyasimilarsequeerbywhatnameyoumaycallit，isalwaysalieandshouldbesimplycallitalie?Meanwhatyousayandsaywhatyoumean?callaspadeaspade，itisthebesttermyouapplytotheimplement。

&rytouseshortwordsandshunlongonesinalittlewhileyouwillfindthatyoudosowithease。Afarmerwasshowiybredgeheanimalwasledintoapaddowhioldsow-pigwasrooting。"Whatafinequadruped!"exclaimedthe。

"Whichofthetwodoyoumeahehorse?"queriedthefarmer，"for，inmyopinion，bothofthemarefinequadrupeds。"

Ofcoursethevisitormeantthehorse，soitwouldhavebeeerhadhecalledtheanimalbyitssimple?ordiherewouldhavebeennuityinhisremark。Heprofited，however，bythei，andnevercalledahorseaquadrupedagain。

Mostofthesmallwords，thesimplewords，thebeautifulwordswhichexpresssomusmallbouhepureAnglo-Saxoe。Thiselementhasgiveheheavehesun，moonandstars?tothreeoutofthefourelemeh，fireahreeoutofthefourseas，summerassimpleliedtoallthenaturaldivisioone，asday，night，m，evening，twilight，noon，mid-day，midnight，sunriseahenamesoflight，heat，cold，frost，rain，snow，hail，sleet，thuning，aswellasalmostallthoseobjectswhitheposofthebeautiful，asexpressediernalsery，suchasseaandland，hillanddale，woodaglo-Saxon。Tothissamelanguageweareihosewordswhichexpresstheearliestas，aroandmostpowerfulfeelingsofNature，andwhich，asaterwoveandmosthallowedassos。Ofsuchwordsarefather，mother，husbaher，sister，son，daughter，e，kindred，frieh，roofandfireside。

Thechiefemotionsoftibleareexpressedinthesamelanguage—love，hope，fear，sorrow，shame，andalsothensbywhichtheseemotioed，astear，smile，laugh，blush，weep，sigh，groan。Nearlyallournationalprlo-Saxon。Almostallthetermsandphrasesbywhichwemeticallyexpressaemptandindighesamein。

WhatareknowSetandso-calledpolitesatimanylo-Saxonwordsintotheshade，faithfulfrieheiraorswell。Theseself-appoiersofdiregardsomeoftheAnglo-Saxonwordsastoocoarse，tooplebeiahetictastesandrefiheyareelimiheirvocabularyahemwithmongrelsnbirthandhybridsofunknin。Fortheordinarypeople，however，themaorihewomathefactory，theyarestilltriedandtrueand，likeoldfriends，shouldbecherishedaers，nomatterfromwhatsourcethelattermayspring。