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Text B The One Against the Many（第1页）
TextBTheOtheMany
ArthurM。SgerJr。
Pre-reading
ArthurMeierSger（October15，1917-February28，2007）isoiialAmerihistoriahdwihe1946PulitzerPrizeinHisthiscareerasaHarvardprofessorofhistory，hehasalsobeenareor，socialdpublitellectual。MuchofSger’sworkfotheexplorationof20thturyAmeriliberalismandhehadbeeualbeaeriliberalssince1940s。
SgerservedasspecialassistaKennedyfrom1961to1963。HewroteadetailedatoftheKennedyadministration，fromthe1960presidentialtothepresident’sstatefuledAThousandDays:JohheWhiteHouse，whithe1966PulitzerPrizeinBiraphy。Sgerreturea1966astheAlbertSchweitzerProfessoroftheHumaheGraduateterofTheiversityofNewYork。Afterheretiredfromtea1994，heremainedinvolvedinpoliticsfortherestofhislifethroughhisbooksandpubligtours。
Promptsf
1。WhatdoesthetitleTheOtheManymean?Findoutthemeaningof“one”and“many”inthepassage。
2。InwhatwaydoestheauthorbelievetheAmeriexperieivetoesseekingnatio?
3。WhatfatributedtoAmerientagtotheauthor?Whichfactorisfual?
4。Whatdoestheauthormeanby“anideologicalsociety”（Paragraph6）?
5。Whatdoestheauthormeanbyideology?
6。Whatdoesthe“fox”standfor?Howisthefoxdifferentfromthe“hedgehog”?
7。Howdoestheauthoriherelatioweenexperiera?
8。Howdoestheauthordifferentiateidealandideology?
9。HowisThomasJeffersohenotionsofidealandideologyrespectivelyagtotheauthor?
10。ithfaithinideology?
11。Howwouldaihumanhistory?
12。Whatismeantby“themixedsod“themixedey”（Paragraph19）?
13。Howdoideologistsandpragmatistsseetheworlddifferently?
14。Howdoideologistsandpragmatistsdefihdifferently?
[1]Inanepoiheaspiratioesfornatio，itisiorecallthattheuesitselfbeganasanunderdevelopedtry。
[2]Everytry，ofcourse，hasitsdistiproblemsandmustsolvethemagtoitsowntraditions，capadvalues。TheAmeriexperieniqueinanumberofways。Thetrywasblessedbyages—aboveall，bythefactthatpopulationwassrelationtoavailableresources。Butthefavorableratiobetweenpopulationandresourceswasobviouslynottheonlyfaerient。Hadthatbeenso，theIndians，forwhomtheratiowasevenmorefavorable，wouldhavedevelopedthetrylohefirstsettlersarrivedfromovertheseas。Whatmatteredequallyiritinwhichthesesettlersapproachedtheeidsocialgesofferedbythee。SeveralelementsseemedfuhephilosophywhichfacilitatedtherapidsodeientoftheAmerient。
[3]OorwasthedeepfaithiioiihemostessentialwayforasocietytodevoteitsresourcesexistedfromtheearliestdaysoftheAmeriies。Itarinallyfromaphilosophicalratherthananeent—fromafaithiyofmanandfrbeliefthatitistheresponsibilityofsoaunitytodevelophishighestpote，atthesametime，italsohelpedproduditioosuccessfulmodernization。
[4]Modernindustrialsocietymustbeaboveallaliteratesoichistoriansattributetwo-thirdsofthegrowthiputovertheturiesofAmerienttoinproductivity。Andinproductivity，ofedirethesizeofnatioiionandinresearch。J。K。Galbraithhadrightlyobservedthat“adollarorarupeeiheiualimprovementofhumanbeingswillregularlybrieriiohanadollarorarupeedevotedtorailways，dams，maetools，iblecapitalgoods。”ThesewordsaccuratelyreporttheAmerialexperience。
[5]Aorintheproerieheenttoself-goveraiveinstitutions1。Wehavefouerwaythaofulfillmasandreleasehisenergies。Arelatedfactorhadbeeioanceofpersonalfreedomandpersonalihefeelingthattheindividualisthesourceofcreativity。Anotherhasbeeandingoftheroleofcooperativeactivity，publicaswellasvoluntary。
[6]Butfuoallofthese，ahesiimportaioivespeedofAmeriehenatioionofdogmatisaboutthehesodeericahashadthegoodfortuobeanideologicalsociety。
[7]ByideologyImeanabodyofsystematidrigiddogmabywhichpeopleseektouhereserveortransformit。Thefliideologyandempiricismhas，ofcourse，beenoldinhumanhistory。Ihisflict，ideologyhasattraeestintelligendhasproduSirIsaiahBerlihe“hedgehogs”，whokhing，asagainstthe“foxes”，whoknowmanysmallthings。
[8]NoresuggestthatAmerishavebeelyimmuheideologicaltemptatioion，thatis，todefiionalgoalsinanordered，prehensive，away。Afterall，theAmeridwased2byoandmostformidablestructuresofanalysiseverdevised，isttheology3，andasoshapedwasbouaiytyeverafter。TherehavebeehroughoutAmerihistorytedtoehanall-iotranslateAmeritoasetofbindingpropositions，andtostruethenationaltraditionintermsofoherultimatelaw。
[9]YetmostofthetimeAmerishavefoxilymistrustedabstraandrigidapriori4doe。Ournationalfaithhasbeennotinpropositionsbutisfihours，theueshas，sotospeak5，risenabove6ideology。Ithaseddogmatofalsifyreality，imprisonexperienarrowthespectrumofchoice。ThisskepticismaboutideologyhasbeenaprimarysourceofthesotivenesswhichhasmarkedsomuchofdevelopmealAmerisocialthoughthasbeenempirical，practical，pragmatic。Amerisequence，hasbeenatitsmostcharacteristiofinnovatio。
[1matismisnomorewhollydevoidofabstrasthanideologyiswhollydevoidofexperiehedividinglineeswhenabstradexperiencedogivewaytotheother。Atthispoiistrejectsabstrad，theideologistrejectsexperieoryoftherepublicillustratesthediffereheAmeriRevolutionragmaticeffortdutermseneralvalues。Theistsfoughtforiermsof7BritishidealsofcivilfreedomaivegoverheyrebelledagainstBritishruleessentiallyforBritishreasons。TheidealsofAmeridependendexpressionintheclassientsahofthenatioionofIhestitutionandtheBillhts。
[11]Butitisimportaoinsistoioweenidealsandideology。Idealsrefertotheloalsofanatioinwhichthesegoalsarepursued。Ideologyissomethi，moresystematic，moredetailed，moreprehensive，mmatic。TheeoftheFoundihomasJefferson，emphasizesthedistin。Jeffersonouhofidealsandofideology。Asanexpounderofideals，heremainsavividailefigure—alive，notonlyforAmerisbut，Ibelieve，forallthoseiedinhumandignityandhumay。Asa，however，Jeffersonistodayremote8—afigurebutofhistoricalcuriosity。Asa，hebelieved，forexample，thatagriculturewastheonlybasisofagoodsociety;thatthesmallfreeholdsystem9wastheonlyfoundatiothehoandvirtuouscultivator10wastheonlyreliableocraticstate;thataneybasedonagriculturewasself-regulatingand，therefore，requiredaminimumofgoverthatgoverwasbestwhiedleast;andthatthegreatenemiesofafreestatewere，ontheonehand，urbanization，industry，banking，alandlesswdallthesascharacteristiodernizationprod，oherhand，astrongnatiowithpivedireatio。ThiswasJefferson’sideology，aedStatesrespo，wewouldbetodayafeebleaitoJeffersoherthantohisideology，theueshasbeeastroe。
