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Text B Looking Back on the Spanish WarExcerpts（第1页）

TextBLookingBatheSpas）

GeeOrwell

Pre-reading

GeeOrwell（1903-1950）eishauthorandjourhurBlair。DuringmostofhisprofessioimeOrwellwasbestknownforhisjournalism，bothiishpressandinbookssuagetoia，desghisactivitiesduringtheSpanishCivilWar，andDownandOutinParisandLondaperiodofpovertyiies。Orwellisbestrememberedtodayfortwoofhisnovels，AnimalFarmay-Four。Hisworkismarkedbylucidprose，awarenessofsojustice，oppositiontototalitarianism，andoutspokensupportofdemo。Hewroteliterarycriticism，poetry，fidpolemi。Hisnon-fiworks，ingTheRoadtoier，doghisexperienceclasslifeihofEngland，arewidelyacclaimed，asarehisessaysonpolitics，literature，language，andculture。

&heSpanishcivilwarbrokeoutin1936，OrwellwaofightfortheSpaagainstFranationalistuprising。InAragoiby“aFasiper”。InBarahejoialinistSpanishTrotskyists’Workers’PartyofMarxistUnifi。Whentheunistspartlygairolaetheparty，manyofOrwell’sfrieed，shot，ordisappeared。Hebarelyescapedalivein1937。

Hisiillworksonpopularandpoliticalculture，aermOrwelliaiveoftotalitarianorauthoritariansocialpractices—hasehelaherwithmanyofhisneologisms，forinstance，cBrhtPoliemoryhole，doublethic。

Promptsf

1。WhydoesOrwellsay“Believenothihing，ofwhatyoureadaboutinternalaffairsoside”?

2。WhoarethetwosidesoftheSpanishCivil>

3。WhatistheexcuseoftheNazisfFranco?

4。Hoarreportedagtotheauthor?

&heRussianarmydeployedinSpainagtotheauthor?

6。Howdoyouuhesehereis，forinstanosugas‘sce’。Thereisonly‘Germansce’‘Jewishsce’，etc。”?

7。Whatdothe“twosafeguards”draph6?

8。OnwhatbeliefisPacifismfoundedagtheauthor?

9。Whataretheadvahewthe>

10。WhydidthewdtheisiaperformdifferentlyinfightingFascism?

11。ForwhatreasonswastheGovered?

12。Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardstheactsofthosepowerfultriesgthe>

[1]ThestruggleforpowerbetweentheSpanishRepublipartiesisanunhappy，faroffthingwhichIhavenowishtoreviveatthisdate。Ioiosay:believenothihing，ofwhatyoureadaboutinternalaffairsoside。Itisall，fromwhateversanda—thatistosay，lies。Thebroadtruthabouttheleenough。TheSpanishbeoisiesawtheircethelabormovement，andtookit，aidedbytheNazisandbytheforcesofreaallovertheworld。Itisdoubtfulwhethermorethanthatwilleverbeestablished。

[2]IremembersayihurKoestler1，“Historystoppedin1936”，atwhioddedieuahthinkingoftotalitarianismimoreparticularlyoftheSpanishCivilWar。EarlyinlifeIhadisevercorrectlyreportedinainSpaiime，Isaortswhiotbearaothefaoteveionshipwhichisimpliedinanordinarylie。Isaortedwheretherehadbeennofighting，aesilencewherehundredsofmenhadbeenkilled。Isawtroopswhohadfoughtbravelydenouncedasdtraitors，andotherswhohadfiredhailedastheheroesofimaginaryvictories，andIsaersinLtheseliesaellectualsbuildiiouresovereventsthathadneverhappened。Isaw，infact，histwrittennotintermsofeofwhatoughttohavehappenedagtovarious“partyliinaway，horribleasallthisortant。Itedsedaryissues—hestruggleforpowerbetweeernandtheSpa-wiheeffortsoveropreveioninSpain。ButthebroadpictureofthewarwhichtheSpapreseheworldwasnotuntruthful。Themainissueswerewhatitsaidtheywere。ButasfortheFasdtheirbackers，howcouldtheyeevehetruthasthat?Howcouldtheypossiblymentiontheirrealaims?Theirversionoftheurefantasy，aaothavebeenotherwise。

[3]TheaotheNazisandFascistsresentthemselvesaspatriotssavingSpainfromaRussiandictatorship。ThisiendingthatlifeiSpainwasjustonelongmassacre（videtheCatholicHeraldortheDailyMail—butthesewerechild’splayparedwiththetalFascistpress），anditinvolvedimmeingthescaleofRussiaion。OutofthehugepyramidoflieswhichtheCatholidreaarypressallovertheworldbuiltup，letmetakejusto—thepresenSpainofaRussiaFranco2partisansallbelievediesthwentashighashalfamillion。Now，therewasnoRussianarmyinSpain。Theremayhavebeenahandfulofairmees，afewhuhemost，butanarmytherewashousandsnerswhofoughtinSpain，ionmillionsofSpahis。Well，theirtestimonymadeallupontheFrancandists，notoneofwhomhadsetfootiSpain。SimultahesepeoplerefusedutterlytoadmitthefaanorItaliathesametimeastheGermanandItalianpresswereopenlyboastingabouttheexploitsionaries”。Ihaveentio，butinfactthewholeofFascistpropagandaaboutthewarwasonthislevel。

[4]Thiskindofthingisfrighteningtome，becauseitoftehefeelingthattheveryceptofobjectivetruthisfadingoutoftheworld。Afterall，thecesarethatthoselies，oratanyratesimilarlies，willpassintohistory。HowwillthehistoryoftheSpanishwarbewritten?IfFranainsinpowerhisnomineeswillwritethehistorybooks，and（tostiypoint）thatRussianarmywhieverexistedwillbeehistoricalfadschoolwilllearnaboutitgeiosupposeFascismisfiedandsomekiieoredinSpaininthefairlyure;eventhen，howisthehistoryofthewartobewritten?WhatkindofrecordswillFrabehindhim?Supposeeventhattherecordskeptosidearerecoverable—evenso，howisatruehistoryofthewartobewritten?For，asIhavepoialready，theGoveralsodealtextensivelyiheanti-Fasgleonecouldwriteabroadlytruthfulhistoryofthewar，butitartisanhistory，unreliableoneveryminorpoierall，somekindofhistorywillbewritten，ahosewhoactuallyrememberthewararedead，itwillbeuniversallyaccepted。Soforallpracticalpurposestheliewillhavebeetruth。

[5]Iknowitisthefashiontosaythatmostofrecordedhistoryisliesanyway。Iamwillihathistoryisforthemostpartinadbiased，buteculiarteistheabaheideathathistorycouldbetruthfullywrittepeopledeliberatelylied，ortheyunsciouslycoloredwhattheywrote，ortheystruggledafterthetruth，wellknowingthattheymustmakemaineachcasetheybelievedthat“thefacts”existedandweremoreorlessdiscoverable。Andiherewasalwaysasiderablebodyoffactwhichwouldhavebeeobyalmosteveryone。Ifyoulookupthehistoryofthelastwarin，foriheEannica，youwillfindthatarespectableamouerialisdrawnfromGermaishaorianlyonmanythings，evenoals，buttherewouldstillbethatbodyof，asitwere，ralfawhieitherwouldseriouslygetheother。Itisjustthisonbasisofagreement，withitsimplithathumanbeingsareallonespeal，thattotalitariaroys。Nazitheoryindeedspecifiiesthatsugas“thetruth”exists。Thereis，forinstanosugas“sce”。Thereisonly“Germansce”“Jewishsce”，etc。TheimpliedobjectiveofthislihoughtisanightmareworldinwhichtheLeader，clique，otourebutthepast。IftheLeadersaysofsudsut，“Itneverhappeneverhappehattwoandtwoarefive—oarefive。Thisprhtensmemuchmorethanbombs—andafterourexperiehelastfewyearsthatisnotafrivolousstatement。

[6]Butisitperhapsorbidtoterrifyohvisionsofatotalitarianfuture?Befoffthetotalitarianworldasaetrue，justrememberthatin1925theworldoftodaywouldhaveseemeda’tetrue。Againstthatshiftingphantasmagoriwhichblackmaybewhitetomorrowaerday’sweatherbegedbydecree，thereareiyonlytwosafeguards。Ohowevermuythetruth，thetruthgoesoing，asitwere，behindyourbadyoutly’tviolateitinairmilitaryefficy。Theotheristhatsolosoftheearthremaiheliberaltraditioalive。LetFascism，orpossiblyevenabinationofseveralFasquerthewholeworld，awos。WeinEnglahedahiskindofthing，becauseourtraditionsandourpastsecurityhavegivealbeliefthatitallesrightihethingyoumostfearneverreallyhappens。NourishedforhundredsofyearsoureinwhichRightinvariablytriumphsichapter，webelievehalf-ievilalwaysdefeatsitselfinthelongrun。Pacifism，forinstance，isfelyonthisbelief。Doevil，anditwillsomehowdestroyitself。Butwhyshouldit?Whatevideitdoes?Andwhatihereofamodernindustrializedstategunlessqueredfromtheoutsidebymilitaryforce?

[7]siderforihere-institutionofslavery。WhocouldhaveimagiyyearsagothatslaverywouldreturntoEurope?Well，slaveryhasbeeoredunderourheforpsalloverEuropeandNorthAfricawherePoles，Russians，Jeolitiersofeveryracetoilatroad-makingors-drainingfortheirbarerations，aresimplechattelslavery。Themostonesayisthatthebuyingandsellingofslavesbyindividualsised。Inotherways—thebreaking-upoffamilies，forihesareprobablyworsethaheAmeriplantations。Thereisnoreasthatthisstateofaffairswillgewhileanytotalitariandominationegraspitsfullimplis，beysticalwaywefeelthataregimefoundedocollapse。Butitisworthpariionoftheslaveempiresofantiquitywiththatofae。Civilizationsfoundedonslaveryhavelastedforsuchperiodsasfourthousandyears。

[8]WhenIthinkofantiquity，thedetailthatfrightethosehundredsofmillionsofslavesonwhosebackscivilizatieieiobehindthemever。WedoheirhewholeofGreekandRomanhistory，howmanyslaves’oyou?Ikoftwo，orpossiblythree。OadtheotherisEpictetus4。Also，intheRomanroomattheBritishMuseumthereisaglassjarwiththemaker’snameihebottom，“Felixfecit”。IhaveavividmentalpictureofpoorFelix（aGaulwithredhairaalcollarrouihavebeehereareonlytwoslaveswhoseelyknorobablyfewpeopleremembermore。Theresthavegoouttersilence。

。。。

[9]ThebaeoftheresistaFrancoanishw—class，especiallytheurbantrade-uhelongrun—itisimportaitisonlyinthelongrun—thewclassremaireliableenemyofFascism，simplybecausethew-dstogainmostbyadestruofsolikeotherclassesories，it’tbepermalybribed。

[10]TosaythisishewthellethathasfollowedtheRussiaionitisthemanualworkerswhohavebeeisimpossiblewastheirownfault。Timeaftertime，intryaftertry，theanizedw-entshavebeencrushedbyopen，illegalvioleheirradesabroad，lihemiicalsolidarity，havesimplylookedohing;ahis，secretarayals，haslaihatbetweenwhiteandcoloredworkersthereisnoteveosolidarity。WhobelieveinthesternatioaftertheeveeheBritishwclassthemassacreoftheirradesinVienna，Berlin，Madrid，orwhereveritmightbe，seemedlessiiaerday’sfootballmatch。YetthisdoeshefactthatthewclasswillgagainstFascismaftertheothershave。OheNaziquestofFraheastoionsamoelligentsia，ineoftheleft-wingpolititelligeelligehepeoplewhosquealloudestagainstFasdyetarespectableproportionofthemcollapseiismwhenthepiheyarefar-sightedenoughtoseetheoddsagainstthem，aheybebribed—foritisevidentthattheNazisthinkitworthwhiletobribeiuals。Withthewclassitistheotherwayabout。Tooignorahroughthetrickthatisbeihem，theyeasilyswallowthepromisesofFascism，yetsooertheyalthestruggleagaidoso，betheirowheyalwaysdiscoverthatthepromisesofFasotbefulfilled。Towihew—classpermaheFascistswouldhavetoraisethegeandardofliving，whichtheyareunableandprobablyunwillingtodleclassislikethegrolaisblindandstupid，butitkokeeppushingupwardstowardsthelight，anditwilldothisinthefadlessdisents。Whatarethewfor?Simplyforthedetlifewhichtheyaremoreandmoreawareisnoossible。Theiressofthisaimebbsandflows。InSpain，forawhile，peovingtoalwhichtheywaoreadbelievedtheycouldreach。ItatedforthecuriouslybuoyalifeiSpainhaddurihsofthewar。TheonpeoplekheirboheRepublicwastheirfriendandFrancowastheirehattheywerei，becausetheywerefightingforsomethingwhichtheworldowedthemandwasabletogivethem。

[11]OorememberthistoseetheSpanishwariive。Whehiy，squalor，andfutilityofwar—andinthisparticularcaseoftheiheperses，theliesandthemisuandings—thereisalwaysthetemptationtosay:“Onesideisasbadastheother。Iamral。”Inpractice，however，oberal，andthereishardlysugasawarinwhichitmakesnodifferens。Nearlyalwaysoandsmoreorlessfress，theothersidemoreorlessforrea。ThehatredwhichtheSpanishRepublicexmillionaires，dukes，als，play-boys，Blimps5andwhat-notwouldinitselfbeenoughtoshowohelandlay。Iwasaclasswar。Ifithadbeenwon，themonpeopleeverywherewouldhavebeehewaslost，andthedividend-drawersallovertheworldrubbedtheirhands。Thatwastherealissue;allelsewasfrothonitssurface。

。。。

[12]TheouteoftheSpanishwarwassettledinLondon，Paris，Rome，Berlin—atainSpaihesummerof1937thosewitheyesintheirheadsrealizedthattheGoverotwinthewaruhererofouheiio-up，aofightonNegrihersmayhavebeenpartlyiheexpethatthehichactuallybrokeoutin1939wasingin1938。Themuch-publicizeddisunityosidewasnotamaincauseofdefeat。TheGoveriaswerehurriedlyraised，ill-armedandunimagiheirmilitaryoutlook，buttheywouldhavebeenthesameifpletepoliticalagreemeedfromthestart。Attheoutbreakofanishfactoryworkerdidnotevenknowhowtofirearifle（therehadneverbeenuniversalsinSpain），aionalpacifismoftheLeftwasagreathandicap。ThethousandsnerswhoservedinSpainmadegoodinfantry，buttherewereveryfewexpertsofanykindamorotskyist7thesisthatthewarcouldhavebeenwoionhadagedrobablyfalse。Tonatioories，demolishchurdissuerevolutionarymaoswouldhearmiesmoreeffit。TheFasbecausetheywerethestroheyhadmodernarmsahershadn’t。Nopoliticalstrategycouldoffsetthat。