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THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN A NUTSHELL（第1页）

THEENGLISHLASHELL

AllthewordsintheEnglishlanguagearedividediclasses。TheseclassesarecalledthePartsofSpeech。TheyareArti，Adjeoun，Verb，Adverb，Preposition，dIioheNouimportant，asalltheothersaremoreorlessdepeuponit。ANouhenameofpersohing，infaythingofwhihaveeitherthoughtoridea。TherearetwokindsofNouns，ProperandonNounsarenameswhimontoaraceorclass，asman，city。ProperNounsdistinguishindividualmembersofaraceorclassasJohn，Philadelphia。Intheformerisanamewhigsinontothewholeraankind，andcityisalsoanamewhiontetresofpopulation，butJohidividualoftherace，whilePhiladelphiadeieofwhichthecitiesoftheworld。

NounsarevariedbyPersender，andCase。Personisthatrelatioihespeaker，thoseaddressedaundersideratioherbydiscourseordehePerso，SedThirdarespectivelythespeaker，thepersohepersmentionedorundersideration。

&hedistinorethawularandplural?thesiesowoormore。Thepluralisgenerallyformedfromthesingularbytheadditionofsores。

&hesamerelationtonouoindividuals，butwhilethereareoherearefenders，viz。，mase，femierandasderdehoseofthemalekind，thefemihoseofthefemalekiergeesihingsorwhateveriswithoutlife，andongenderisappliedtoahesexofwhiebeierminable，suchasfish，mouse，bird，etesthingswhicharewithoutlifeasweceiveitandwhich，properlyspeakiheergender，are，byafigureofspeechcalledPersonifi，toeitherthemasininegender，as，forinstahesun，Heisrising?ofthemooing。

&herelationooaoaverbortoaprepositiohreecases，thehePossessiveaive。Thehesubjectofeakiwhichdirectstheaoftheverb?thepossessiveotespossessioheobjedicatestheperswhichisaffectedbytheaoftheverb。

AnArticleisawordplacedbeforeanountoshowwhetherthelatterisusedinaparticulareherearebuttwoarticles，aoranandthe。Aiveisawordwhichqualifiesanoun，thatis，whiedistinguishingmarkorcharacteristigingtothenoun。