奇书网>王本陆 > On the Naming of Curriculum Standards（第2页）
On the Naming of Curriculum Standards（第2页）
Naminginvolveslaion，andisalsocloselylihemeaningofts。Alltheterminologiesindabroadberoughlygroupedintofourterms:learion，teadcurriculum，whiportasiionalacademiaaswell。Theseceptswillbeahefollowing。
3。1Learning
Learhesubjects，whichisthesusofthemajority。Butarelearsofedu?Orthesubjectsofteag?Therearedifferentopiihasalwaysbeehregardt。Whenpeuefromthepointofviewaoattheiandautoherolesandfunsofeduwillbeinaparadoxicalstatesiiandautondoesernalandadditioi。Iedualacademia，thereisoargumentwhichisbothtradidseeminglyi:ononehaandautonisadvod，ohevalueofedudteagisstressed。
Infagshouldbedividedintotwokinds:actuallearningandideallearning。Actuallearningisnotnecessarilydefinedasiandautonomous，butidealleariisindispehegrowihelearners，espetheturningproactuallearningtoideallearherelatioeadlearionandlearning，orinstrudlearniriedrelationship。Teadlearwoifatheteag（i。e。teadlearning）adtheypromotetheadvandaentofthecourseofteag（i。e。teadlearning）。Onlyinthisteagbeformulatedbylearning，andlearningdescribedbyteathelateQingDyryresponsibleforedualaffairslitfromtheBoardofRitesandies，andwasto“MinistryofEdutheperiodoftheRepublia。Differentnamesassumethesameresponsibility。ThisisalsotrueoftheedualstandardsoftheUesandthelearningguidelinesinJapan。
&ion
&ofedutodayhasbeeasuperordihetofwhich，asisted，itersiioheceptofeducludestheideasofteag，edudcurriculum。Schooledureferstoallkiioioerswithiionalinstitutionsnamedschools，suchastheedus，edueasures，eduplaioiohods，edualdeducators。Whilethetoftheceptofeduisted，therearestillsomeuiesthathersideration。
（1）Whethertheceptofedustillsthemeaiigofthecept“edu”beforetheurydiffersfromthatoftoday。Theearlymeaiohemeaningofgandnurturing，moreorlesslikethenurturingofsmallanimals。Ihtury，theJapaedtheword“eduto“jiaoyu”（edu），whilihesemantigoftheceptatthattime。Whedfuagereferencebooks，wedthemeaningofgandnurturierm“eduanyEnglishreferencebooksisieastrudlearisleftinthemeaningoftheEnglishword“edu”todayisteadlearningwithoutthemeaing。Similarly，theesewordfor“edu”alsoseemstohavelostthemeaing，articularlystressedia。
（2）Whetherthetwowords“edud“teabeinterged。Wheion”isdefiofteadlearning，wearefusedwiththesequestioionandteagbearsomediffereergeable?Themeaningof“teag”heredoeseag，butteadlearwastranslatedas“edu”byJapaheury，andthenborrowedandusedina。IfithadbeentranslatedbyJapaeaurturingorg，thenthemeaionwouldranslatedasjiaoyu（edu）wheobewidelyusedinaattheendoftheQingDynasty。
Thehighdegreebetweeionandteabeprovedbytwootheredagogy”istraeag，edustrudsoon。Itissometimessideredasamethodofteag。Theofateagmethodherediffersfromteagskillsandasecificdisethatiswidelyaowledgednowadays。Therefore，thewidely-usedwordsofedudteagareatergeable，suguageteag（teadlearning）andlaion。（b）Didarefertoinstru。Themoderorenius（JohnAmosenius，1592-167reatDidacticsorDidaa。Ihebook，hemadeitclearthathewasseekihodsandartofteatheboeneralprieadsubjectstobetaughtwerediscussed。Thewholebookseemstobedisgrindmeasuresgschooleduthetitleofthebookandthedisit，itisnoteasyforustoclearlydistisofteadeduplyspeakiionistostudythephenomenaandactivitiesofteadlearning。Soistheteag。Therefore，boththeceptsofedudteagbearisimilarityandunity。
（3）Whethereduehiddencurriculumthatproducespoorstudents。Maioiondisecharacteristic—“Edushouldbeactivitiesofpositivevalue”。Eduisnotonlyofvalue，butalsoheadstherdegreeofvalue。Itispositiverathertha，eduistoteatstobehavewell，anditisbytempttoteatstomisbehave。Whenthecurriculumisseenasasubordiuofedu，oratooltoachievetheaimsofedu，thecurriculumshouldreflectthecorecharacteristicsofedu。Wheoftheimplicitorhiddencurriculumwasihemiddleofthe20thtury，itableofaegativevalueandprodugpoorstudents。Asaresult，theplicitorhiddencurriculumhasgrerthaofedu。Furthersideratioohowtoresolvethisproblem。
&ionisaceptofwidece，andthereforeshouldavoidbeingspecifitioiooedu，edueasures，eduplaioiohods，edualt，edudthelike。Whehewordedueahiion，oronlyapartofit?Wheoapartofedu，ecificpartisit?Ifwediscussedusofteadcurrischooledu，weerallyidentifyfourlevelsofedunarrowtowide）:（a）theeduofo;（b）theeduofallsubjects;（c）theeduofallsubjectsplusvariousactivitiesoftheteadstudents;（d）theeduofallsubjects，variousactivitiesoftheteadstudentsandallsutfactorsasschoolbuildings，books，isaherofessiooftheteachers。Thisisthelargestceptofedu。Thus，“schooledu”refertothefourrespectivelevels。
3。3Teag
Teagisatermfamiliartoeveryoiohereisafamilyofrelevaeag，teagmethod，teagstrategy，teagmodeandteagmethod。IntheEioheceptof“teag”isuoodihisfamilyofterms。Teagisclearlydefihephrase“teagskills”。Themeaningaeaghereisclear。Itisthesameastheesetermjiaoxue。However，astotheceptualmeaherearestillsomepoiforfurthersideration。
（1）Theceptofjiaoxueiwoceptualmeanings。Itisauureoftheeselaeachcharaawordsameaningandthatthemeaningofawordisthebinationofthemeaningsofitscharacters。Take，forexample，theesesaying“jiaoxuexiangzhaeaswhileheteaches）”。Theword“teag”hasthefollowingtwoceptualmeanings:（a）itreferspecificallyto“teag”or“instru”;（b）itcoverboth“tead“learning”。Thedualmeaniofteabestudiedfromtheiioeadlearniforwardtheideaofteagepistemology，advogaTrinityStrusistiios，thecurridtheteagLixieadlearningeitherbeseparatednorbialwaysuhesituatioherefore，theceptualmeaningofteabebothnarroleshouldbeoughtoehemeaningoftheeseword“jiaoxue”whe。Forexample，whatdoesitmeanrovingteachers'teaallclassteag”?Sensitivereadersmaytherebysutpopulartermsas“teaciples”，“teagmodes”，“teagstrategy”，etphasisoea。Iead“teagmodes”lytheliteralmeaherefore，thereislittledoubtinthedisoftheaspectofteag。However，inese，if“jiaoxue（teag）”isdefieadlearning”，thesmeaobedist。
（2）Differeeadinstru。Thewidelyusedword“jiaoxue”istheacceptedtranslationoftheEnglishword“teag”or“instru”。“Tead“instru”arevirtuallydiffereheirdifferenbeseeninthefollo>
&hediffereead“instru”
&eag”ismostlyusedtodescribesituatiosaretaughttoappreduand，aobeiandautonomisfreeofrestridtheouteisheleartrolledaoge。Otherwise，theword“instru”isused。Iftheobjectivetheoryisusedfordes，thedifferewotermslieinthatteagisthe“non-behaviorobjedinstruthe“behaviorobjemostcases，peoplewhoactuallyusethewordsteadinstru'talwaysmakesuepeoplewouldliketodistiwodifferentteadlearningsituationsalthoughtheyknowthatbothwordsreferto“toteastruct”or“teaglishteadlearheirsemaheeseword“jiaoxue”shouldalsoreflectthedistin。However，theeseword“jiaoxue”doesn'treferto“teadlearning”，referto“teadlearnihe“teacher”steagactivitiesorthestudents&#activities'，butitsometimesreferstoinstrujustassomeEnglish-speakingpeopledo。Forexample，“kegyujiaoxue”，artmentverypopulariiesinHongKongandTaiwan，isusuallytrao“curridinstru”。
（3）Variousbroad-sensedandeastrudteag）。Teagisardedaseduethods，aimesisalsoseenasasynonymofteagmethod。However，theseioeagmethodoreduodesbewideornarrow。Threesenseshavebeenroughlyidentified。
（a）Thebroad-seeagfreefromthelimitationsofteagmaterials:suchasDoltonsystemaem。
（b）Theeagfreefromthelimitationsofteagmaterials:suarrativeteastructiveteag，disgtea-basedteag，teagmodels，teagstrategiesandsoon。
（c）Theextremely-eagfreefromthelimitationsofteagmaterials:sugskillsandteiquesasinquiring，askingandanswering，blackb，andst。
Fromtheperspectiveofdiscretedise-basededuotherkindofteagisidentifiedaseagwithspecifigmaterials，sustructiveteamathematics，discoveryteaaturalsdsoon。Obviously，thebroad-seeagfreefromthelimitationsofteagmaterialshasoftenbeehelevelofeduplemeailsgreatadjustmentsofthesaion。Allthedisesandteagmaterialsobeplannedandarraeag。Theextremelyeagfreefromthelimitationsofteagmaterialsisjustwhatwecallteagmethodinitshemeaningofteaghasbeeeaductedbyteacherstostudeeacher'sbehavior，skillandteiques。leknowasteagisoftentheeag，ratherthanthebroad-sensed。
（4）Curriculum
&erm“curriculum”hasbeenonlyusedfor100years，butithasbeengceptualtroversieseversiappeared。Besidesthetroversyoverthedefinitionofcurricula，therehasbeenantroversyoverthedistiweencurridteag。Spetionshouldbegiventothefollowingpoiioermofcurriculum。
（a）Theinalmeaningofcurriculumreferstotheissueofwhatshouldbetaught。Ihtury，Speerm“currihisartititledWhatKnowledgeisofMostWorth?Inmaly-publishedbooksonphilosophyofedu，acurriculumisregardedastheao“whattoteach”。Thegeneralpublicholdsthesameview。Whattheteacherteasdwhatthelearnorwhatclassestheyhavestitutethetoftheterm“curriculum”。
（b）Thenarrow-sensedcurriedualactivity，whatistaughtisusuallyillustratedbythesubjectsortextbooks。Sothenarrow-sensedcurriculumhasbeehesubjectsortextbooks，i。e。kogain，activitiesandexperiencesnedprogram。ThecurriculumthatJ。DeweyoncedisThedtheCurriculum（publishedioachild'sexperiehecurriculumhereisthedsociety。Simplyput，Dewey'scurriculumisthenarrow-sensedcurriculum。
