(五)未披露信息保护规则
1。构成未披露信息的条件
《TRIPS协定》规定了未披露信息保护的三个条件:第一,未披露信息是秘密的;第二,因其处于秘密状态而具有商业价值;第三,对秘密信息采取了合理的措施以保持其秘密状态。
2。对未披露信息的保护
Naturalandlegalpersonsshallhavethepossibilityinformationlawfullywithirdisclosedto,acquiredby,orusedbyotherswithouttheiramararytohoercialpractigassuation。
六、知识产权的执法规则
(一)概述
《TRIPS协定》的一大特色是它具有一套完整的执法规则和机制,这是《TRIPS协定》与在它之前的所有的知识产权国际条约的重大区别之一。协定在第三部分规定了知识产权的执法规则,其内容十分详尽,包括成员的一般义务、民事和行政程序及救济、临时措施、边境措施和刑事程序等内容,共21条。
(二)一般义务
在知识产权执法方面,各成员的差别很大,有的成员甚至还没有建立完整的知识产权执法体系,为了规范各成员知识产权的执法行为,更好地保障知识产权协议的落实,协议要求各成员努力做到以下几点。
1。MembersshalleeproceduresasspethisPartareavailableuheirlaermiteffectiveaagainstanyafriellectualprhtscoveredbythisAgreement,iiousremediestopreventisandremedieswhistituteadeterrenttements。Theseproceduresshallbeappliedinsuerastoavoidtheitimatetradeandtopruardsagainsttheirabuse。
2。Proceduresgtheeellectualprhtsshallbefairaable。Theyshallnotbeunnecessarilyplicatedorcostly,orentailunreasosorunwarranteddelays。
3。Deeritsofacaseshallpreferablybeinwritiheyshallbemadeavailableatleasttothepartiestwithoutunduedelay。Deeritsofacaseshallbebasedonlyonevideofwhichpartieswereofferedtheopportunitytobeheard。
4。Partiestshallhaveanopportunityforreviewbyajudicialauthorityoffinaladministrativeded,subjecttojurisdialprovisionsinaMember'slawgtheimportanceofacase,ofatleastthelegalaspeitialjudicialdeeritsofacase。However,thereshallbenoobligationtoprovideanopportunityforreviewofacquittalsinalcases。
(三)民事和行政程序及救济
《TRIPS协定》用7个条文(第42~48条)规定民事程序及救济,仅用一个条文规定行政程序,而且规定如果采用行政程序救济时,应采用本节规定的同样规则。由此可见,协定在知识产权执法方面强调民事程序的倾向。
1。公平合理程序
MembersshallmakeavailableththoldersciviljudicialproceduresgtheeofaualprhtcoveredbythisAgreemesshallhavetherighttowrittennoticewhichistimelyandssuffitdetail,ingthebasisoftheclaims。Partiesshallbeallowedtoberepresentedbyilegalsel,andproceduresshallnotimposeoverlyburdesgmandatorypersonalappearances。Allpartiestosuchproceduresshallbedulyeosubstaheirdtopreseevideheprocedureshallprovideameaifyatialinformatiohiswouldbetrarytoexistingstitutios。
2。证据
Thejudicialauthoritiesshallhavetheauthority,resentedreasonablyavailableevidencesuffittosupportitsdhasspecifiedevideosubstantiationofitsclaimswhithetroloftheopposingparty,toorderthatthisevidencebeproducedbytheopposingparty,subjeappropriatecasestoswhisuretheproteoftialinformation。
Inartytvoluntarilyandwithoutgoodreasonrefusesaccessto,orotherwisedoesnotprovideneformationwithinareasonableperinifitlyimpedesaprtoaion,aMembermayaccordjudicialauthoritiestheauthoritytomakepreliminaryandfiions,affirmativeative,onthebasisoftheinformatiohem,ingtheplaiiohepartyadverselyaffectedbythedenialofaatiothepartiesanopportunitytobeheardoionsorevidence。
3。禁令
Thejudicialauthoritiesshallhavetheauthoritytoorderapartytodesistfremeopreveotheertheirjurisdipoodsthatiheiofaualprht,immediatelyaftersceofsubersareoaccordsuchauthorityiofprotectedsubjectmatteracquiredororderedbyapersonpriortoknreasonablegroundstoknowthatdealinginsuchsubjectmatterwouldentailtheiofaualprht。
4。损害赔偿
《TRIPS协定》第45条规定对侵犯知识产权的损害赔偿问题,涉及故意侵权和非故意侵权的赔偿以及赔偿的范围,主要内容如下。
Thejudicialauthoritiesshallhavetheauthoritytoordertheiopaytherighthesadequatetopeheiholderhassufferedbecauseementofthatperson'siualprhtbyaninfringerwhoknowingly,orwithreasonablegroundstoknow,engagedininfringingactivity。
Thejudicialauthoritiesshallalsohavetheauthoritytoordertheiopaytherightholderexpenses,whicludeappropriateattorney'sfees。Inappropriatecases,Membersmayauthorizethejudicialauthoritiestoorderrecoveryofprofitsandorpaymeablisheddamageseveheiknowingly,orwithreasonablegroundstoknow,engageininfringingactivity。
5。其他救济措施
Ioeffectivedeterrenttement,thejudicialauthoritiesshallhavetheauthoritytoodsthattheyhavefoundtbe,withoutpensationofanysort,disposedofoutsidetheersuerastoavoidanyharmcausedththolder,or,uhiswouldbetrarytoexistingstitutios,destroyed。Thejudicialauthoritiesshallalsohavetheauthoritytoorderthatmaterialsahepredominantuseofwhichhasbeeionoftheinfringinggoodsbe,withoutpensationofanysort,disposedofoutsidetheersuerastomiherisksements。Ingsuchrequests,theneedforproportioheseriousheiheremediesorderedaswellastheihirdpartiesshallbetakenintoaregardtoterfeittrademarkgoods,thesimpleremovalofthetrademarkunlawfullyaffixedshallnotbesuffit,otherthaioopermitreleaseofthegoodsintotheerce。
6。对被告的赔偿
《TRIPS协定》第48条规定了滥用知识产权的赔偿责任。其中第1款是对权利人滥用知识产权执法程序应当对被告人承担的赔偿责任,第2款是关于行政机关的行政赔偿责任。具体内容如下。
Thejudicialauthoritiesshallhavetheauthoritytoorderapartyatwhoserequestmeasuresweretakenandwhohasabusedeprocedurestoprovidetfullyeraiepensationfortheinjurysufferedbecauseofsuchabuse。Thejudicialauthoritiesshallalsohavetheauthoritytoordertheapplittopaythedefendantexpenses,whicludeappropriateattorney'sfees。
&oftheadministrationofaainiionoreellectualprhts,Membersshallohpublicauthoritiesandoffiliabilitytoappropriateremedialmeasureswhereasaretakenorintendedingoodfaithintheinistrationofthatlaw。
7。行政程序
鉴于一些国家沿用行政程序而非民事诉讼程序解决知识产权的执法问题,协议没有强制性规定成员只能用民事程序,而不能用行政程序裁决案件,只是要求在依行政程序进行知识产权执法时,应遵守与民事程序大体相同的规则。协议对行政程序的规定非常简单,只有第49条一个条文:Totheextentthatanycivilremedybeorderedasaresultofadministrativeproeritsofacase,suchproceduresshalltopriinsubstahosesetforthiion。
(四)临时措施
《TRIPS协定》第50条规定了有关知识产权保护方面的临时措施。临时措施是指在民事诉讼程序或行政程序开始之前一方当事人请求司法机关或行政机关采取的保全措施。