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Section 2 Types of Data Gathering Instruments（第1页）

Se2:TypesofDataGatheringIs

&ioheringis，suchasquestioerviewschedules，tests，ic。，shouldbeadequatelydetailedtoprovidethesourceofthei，anyspecialcharacteristigitsvalidityay），ariitations，anditsmostappropriateuse。Starumentsusuallyhaveestablishedvalidityayeitherfromahistoryofuseorfromactualtests，whileresearcher-desigrumentsusuallydoablishedvalidityay。Theymayedbyapasandshouldbepilot-testedwherepossible。

&in

Wheapletedquestioheresultsofavalidstudy，heorsheisofteosay，“That’snotdifficulttodo”，butthattemptationquicklypassesafterafewminutesofalysis。That’saboutallittakestorealizethatdesigningagoodquestionandgoodquestionnairerequiresmhtahainallythink。Thereareanalmostiyofthingstothinkaboutandtodocorrectlytoavoidthekihatmakescoresofhoursofworkworthless。Agoodquestionnaireisonewhichhelpsdirectlyachievetheresearchobjectives，providespleteandaformation;iseasyforbothintervieooplete，issodesigomakesoundanalysisaionpossibleandisbrief。Heinismoreofanartthahereareepsihedevelopmentofaquestionnaire。

&heinformationrequired

Itshouldbehefirststepistodecide“whatarethethioknowfromtherespoithesurvey’sobjectives?”Theseshouldappearintheresearchbriefandtheresearchproposal。Onemayalreadyhaveahekindofinformatioed，butadditionalhelpbeobtainedfromsedarydata，sotospeak，theresearchershouldbeaorkhasbeehesameorsimilarproblemsi，whatfactorshavebeenexamined，asurveyquestionnairebuildonwhathasalreadybeendiscovered。

&hetargetrespos

Attheoutset，theresearchermustdefiionaboutwhichheshewishestogehesampledatatobecollected。Sedly，researchershavetodralihirdly，ihequestioakeintoatfactorssuchastheage，edu，etc。etrespos。

3。ethyetrespos

&hodoftaflueoionstheresearcherisabletoaskbutthephrasingofthosequestiohodsavailableinsurveyresearcharepersrouporfoterviews;mailedquestioelephoerviews。Agethemoresensitiveorpersoion，themorepersonaltheformofdatashouldbe。

4。Dequestio

Researchersmustalreparedtoask，“Isthisquestionreallyemptationtoiionswithoutcriticallyevaluatiributiontowardstheatoftheresearchobjectives，astheyarespetheresearchproposal，issurprisinglystroionshouldbeinlessthedataitgivesrisetoisdirectlyofuseiingohehypothesesestablishedduringtheresear。

&hequesti

&ionsbeclassifiedintothreeforms，i。e。closed，open-endedandopeioioionshaveanumberofimportantadvantages:

（a）Itprovidestherespohahodofindighisahavetothinkabouthowtoarticulatehisanswer。

（b）It“prompts”therespohattherespoorelylessonmemoryinansweriion。

（sesbeeasilyclassified，makingaraightfor>

6。Putquestionsintoameaningfulorderandformat

Opeions:Opeionsshouldbeeasytoainanywaythreateningtotherespohefirstquestioniscrucialbecauseitistherespo’sfirstexposuretotheisthetoureofthetasktobeperformed。Iftheyfindtheopeioneasyaoaheyareeinue。

&ionflow:Questionsshouldflowinsomekindofpsychologicalorder，sothatoneleadseasilyandnaturallytotheio，oroicularaspectofasubject，shether。Resposmayfeelitdisgtokeepshiftingfromooaobeaskedtoreturtheythoughttheygavetheiropinionsaboutearlier。

&ioy:Resposbeeboredquidrestlesswhenaskedsimilarquestionsforhalfanhourorso。Itusuallyimprovesrespoovarytherespoaskfromtimetotime。

7。Chegthofthequestionnaire

&isbestforaquestioobeasshortaspossible。Aloiooalongihisisopentothedangersofboredomooftherespo（andpoorlysidered，hurriedaerruptionsbythirdpartiesasintermstimeandresources。

8。Pre-testthequestionnaire

&heresearcherhasproceededalongthelihedraftquestionnaireisaproductevolvedbyowomindsonly。Untilithasactuallybeeerviewsas，itisimpossibletosaywhetheritisgoingtoachievethedesiredresults。Forthisreasoopre-testthequestioisusedinafull-scalesurvey，toidentifyaing。Usuallyasmallnumberofrespoedforthepre-test。Therespoedforthepilotsurveyshouldbebroadlyrepreseypeofrespoobeihemainsurvey。

&hefinalsurveyform

Ifthequestionnairehasbeehhpilottest，thefinalformofthequestionnairewillhaveevolvedintoitsfinalform。Allthatremainstobedohemeicalprocessoflayingoutaiiosfinalform。Thiswillinvandsequeionsintoanappropriateorder，numberiions，aerviewerinstrus。

Physicalappearaionnaires

Thephysicalappearanceofaquestionnairehaveasigupoyandqualityofdataobtaiyofdataisafunoftherespoe。Ill-desigiiveanimpressionofplexity，mediumandtoobigatimeent。Dataqualityalsobeaffectedbythephysicalappearaiohunnecessarilyglayoutsmakingitmoredifficultforinterviewers，orrespohecaseofself-pletioioopletethistaskaccurately。Attentiontojustafewbasicdetailshaveadisproportioageousimpathedataobtaihroughaquestionnaire。