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Section 3 Composing an Academic Abstract（第2页）

&s

Ifmas，ohemostimportant

Bespecific

e。g。“。。。increasedby50%”ratherthan“。。。increased”。

s

Justthemajorimplis

&ebacktoyourpurposeandresearchquestion

WritingStyle

dcise

Removeorshortenanyunnecessarywordsorphrases

Avoidabbreviations，as

Ifnecessary，defineunfamiliarterms，introdus，e。g。rapideyemovement（REM）。

2。Mediocreabstracts:mediocreabstractsreadlikeatableoftsiudythefolloleofamediocreabstradtrytoimproveit。

Example:

Thebehaviorofeditorsisdiscussed。Whatshouldbecoveredbyanabstrasidered。Theimportaisdescribed。Diarydefinitionsof“abstract”arequoted。Atthearevisedabstractispresented。

WhatYoushouldKnow

Therearemainlytwokindsofabstraativeabstraddescriptiveabstracts。

Is，oneonkindofabstraacademigs，areusuallyaplishedaftertheerisdoheindispeofgraduationpapersofuudentsandthepublishedartiacademials。

&yofabstraformative。Whiletheystilldonotcritiqueorevaluateawork，theydomoretha。Agoodiactsasasurrogatefortheworkitself。Thatis，thewriterpresentsandexplainsallthemaiheimportasahepletearticlepaperbook。Aniioiohepurpose，methods，spletepaper，butalsotheresultsandsofthereseardthereendatiohor。Thelengthvariesagtodise，butaniisrarelymorethan10%ofthelengthoftheentirework。Inthecaseofalongerwork，itmaybemuchless。

&iveabstraonlywrittenforacademiferencesusuallyiationofnerogressresearch。Additionally，manycesrequireabstrathsbeforetheactualpresentation。Assuch，abstractsforcesareoftenwritteheresearplete。Theatmosphereatmostacademierallylessformalthanthatintheacademicpublishingindustry，amosphereleetoyourabstracts，butitisimportanttomaintainmostofthesofprofessionaluni。ceabstractsshouldadheretuidelibytheanizers。

&iveabstradicatesthetypeofinformationfoumakesthework，necessarilyprovideresultsorsoftheresearch。Itdoesincorporatekeywordsfouandmayihepurpose，methods，ahereseartially，thedescriptiveabstractdescribesthewabstraepeoplesideritahework，ratherthanasummary。Descriptiveabstractsareusuallyveryshort—100wordsorless。

Abstractsareoftenone-page（orless）summariesofacademicpapersorlectures，meanttogivereadersaquickideaaboutapersorlecturesareabout。Foracademices，abstractsallaoseledschedulepreseceabstractsdifferfromabstractswrittenforthesesordissertatiohelatterareformalaeical，academicsareallowedmuchmorefreedabstractsforguageFocus

TheLaracts

Abriefintroduofthetopiofdoingtheresearch

AfterWorldWarII…However，today…Thisismostly…

&hepastdecade…haveledto…

Researchobjestatementresearchquestion

Thisdissertatioudiesfo。。。

Thegoalisto…

&hodsprocedure

Partit-observatioaaimulatedreterviewsprovideinsightsinto…

Importaskeyfindings

&ionsshowthat…resultedinhighlevelsofstudentsatisfaperformanentsinfinalexamswhehpreviousyearsandinworkloadeffisbroughtaboutbytheappliofteology。

endations

Thisresearchhighlightstheimportanceof…

Assig

1。Writeanabstraeoftheessayspapersassigoylishteachers。Makesureyouinviteeorstodopeerevaluationforyou。

2。Writeanabstractfortheacademicpaperassigoyoubyyourteacher。

3。icpaperfromlishdatabasearactforit。SubmitboththeabstradtheinalEnglishpapertoyourteacher。