奇书网>类人猿有思维吗 > Preface（第1页）
Preface（第1页）
Preface
FromitsbeginningsiGreece，theWesterraditionhashadadedividualistitation。Thisistruebothinphilosophy，espetheanalytictraditionoftheAnglophoneworld，assychologysihasanacademicdisthe19thtury。
Butthiophilosophy，animportantnewparadigmhasemergedifewdecadesthatattemptstocharacterizehumanshared（orcolletentionality。IialphilosopherssuSearle，MichaelBratman，ahaveuneofthemanywaysinwhiactivitiesthat，onthesurfadividualistirealityonlypossiblebecauseoftheunderlyingsocialrelationshipsandculturals，andinstitutionsthatsupportandstructurethem。The“deepstructure”ofuniquelyhumanpsychologyisessentiallysodcultural。
Inpsychology，thegeisbeinginstigatedbyevolutionaryapproalookiionofthehumanspeparisonwiththatofitserelatives，itisclearthatthemostimportantdifferencesderivefromhumans’uniqueformsofsoteraparticular，humaobemuedtoengageinvariouskindsofcooperation，iniqueformsofcooperativeuni。Thisenableshumangroupstocreateallkindsofthihatnoindividualcoulditsoliesmostobviouslytothingssuputersandskyscrapers，butitalsoappliestomorebasipetenciessuventionallinguistiunidindividualself-regulatioy’smoralnorms。
WhyWeCooperateisbasedouresdeliveredatStanfordUyihere-formulatedfeneralaudieinparisonwithotherprimatespesareinordinatelycooperative。Youobecooperativefromthebeginning，asocializatidoesohavemucheffect。Thisisnottosaythatadultsocializationisnotimportant-itis-butonlyforolder；itdoeseyoung’sgenerallycooperativeshowsupbothwheosometroubletohelpothersfulfilltheirgoals，andalsowhentheycollaboratewithooaongoals。Muchoftheresearchreviewedinthisbookillustratestheuniquewaysinwhisareadaptedforcooperation。
ANaturalHistoryofHumanThinkianacademitralclaimisthatuniquelyhumanformsofthionaprimatebase-greatapesdoihiosolveproblems-butthenitgoeswellbeyondthis。Whatehinkingtogobeyondgeneralprimatethinkingisitsincorporationofsocialprocesses。Itissoduwithothersthatenableshumansto，forexample，formperspectivalitiverepresentations（sothatthesameanimalmaybecalledeitheradogorapet）andtothinkaboutthinkingrecursively。Ahatgovernhumanreasoningprople，nottotradieselfdireormsthatthesocietyasawholeand，inesseistoberatioure。Themetaphorusedtoopenthebookisthathumanthinkingislikeajazzmusiimprovisiuneiisindividualactivity，ofcourse，butitismadepossiblebyaculturalhistoryofjazzmusicthathascreatedtheihebasis，andtheaudiestitutethisparticularwayofmakingmusic。
IamfromwhatIreadincross-culturalpsychology，aAsiantriesaremuchmore“collectivist”culturesthanthoseinwhichIhavegrownupahuspossiblethatmahingsIargueforisareobvioustoesereaders。Butobviousornot，IuefortheiradIhopetheydoprovidesomemeasureofinsightintothebasicproansoteradthinking，evenforreaderswhoarealreadysteepediwaysofthinkingandag。
Miasello
2016。7。7
