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Text B Civilization and Its Discontents（第1页）

TextBCivilizationandItsDists

SigmundFreud

Pre-reading

SigmundFreud（1856-1939），thefatherofpsyalysis，hysiologist，medicaldoctor，psychologist，ahemostiialandtroversialthihe20thtury。

WetherwithhisolderViennesecolleagueaorJosephBreuer，whoiothecasestudyofapatientknownasAnhBreuerpublishedtheworkStudiesonHysteriain1895。However，BreuerdidnotshareFreud’sviewoyasacauseforhysteria。Whilethefriendshipandcollaborationsooneinuedhisworkioftalktherapyasatreatmealillness。

&erpretationofDreams（1900），Freud’spersonalfavorite，formalizedmuchofhispsyalytieofhismajorworksihreeEssaysoheoryofSexuality（1905），TotemandTaboo（1913），aureofanIllusion（1927）。Hisworkandtheorieshelpedshapeourviewsofchildhood，personality，dreams，sexualityahermajorthiributedwrewacy，whileothersdevelopedofoppositiontohisideas。

Ina2002reviewofthemostiialpsychologistsofthe2mundFreudwasrahree。

CivilizationandItsDists，writtenin1929，issideredoimportantandwidelyreadworks。Inthisbook，Sigmuesthefueweencivilizationandtheindividual。Theprimaryflictstemsfromtheindividual’squestforinstinctualfreedomandcivilization’strarydemandforityandinstinctualrepression。ThispruesFreud，isayofcivilizationthatiualfeelingsofdisitss。

ThefollowingpassageisafromChapterⅡofCivilizationandItsDists。

Promptsf

1。HowdoesFreuddefine“happiness”?

2。leasureprinciple?

3。Whatdoestheauthormeanby“theplaion’”?

4。Whataresourcesthatthreatenhumanhappiness?

5。Whatisrealityprinciple?

6。Howmanywaysarethereofavoidingsufferingandobtainiarethey?

7。Whatismeantbythedisplatsoflibido?

8。WhatisFreud’siionofartists’work?

9。Whatarethefactorsaffee’shappiness?

10。Howmanykindsofpsychicaltraitsdoestheauthormention?Whataretheirrespectivewaysofseekinghappiness?

[1]Thequestionofthepurposeofhumanlifehasbeelesstimes;ithasreceivedasatisfassdoesnotadmitofohosewhohaveaskedithaveaddedthatifitshouldturnoutthatlifehaswouldloseallvalueforthem。Butthisthreataltersnothing。Itlooks，orary，asthoughonehadarighttodismissthequestion，foritseemstoderivefromthehumauousness，manyothermaionsofwhicharealreadyfamiliartous。Nobodytalksaboutthepurposeofthelifeofanimals，umaybesupposedtolieinbeioman。Butthisviewisher，fortherearemanyanimalsofwhimakeodescribe，classifyandstudythem;andinnumerablespealshaveesthisuse，siedabeforemahem。On，ionswerthequestionofthepurposeoflife。Onehardlybewrongingthattheideaoflifehaviandsandfallswiththereligioussystem。

[2]Wewillthereforeturntothelessambitiousquestionofwhatmenthemselvesshowbytheirbehaviortobethepurposeaionoftheirlives。Whatdotheydemandoflifeandwishtoait?Theahishardlybeindoubt。Theystriveafterhappiobeehappyandtoremainso。Thisendeavorhastwosides，apositiveaiveaim。Itaims，oanabsenandunpleasure，aher，attheexperiengfeelingsofpleasure。Initsheiness”ohelast。Initywiththisdiyinhisaims，man’sactivitydevelopsiiasitseekstorealize—inthemain，orevenexclusively—theoheroftheseaims。

[3]Aswesee，whatdecidesthepurposeoflifeissimplytheprogramofthepleasureprihispriestheoperatioalapparatusfromthestart。Thereodoubtaboutitseffidyetitsprogramisatloggerheadsorld，withthemauchaswiththemi。Thereisnopossibilityatallofitsbeihrough;alltheregulationsoftheuniverseru。Onefeelsiosaythattheihatmanshouldbe“happy”isnotiheplaion”。ihestrisethe（preferablysudden）satisfaeedswhichhavebeeoahighdegree，anditisfromitsnatureonlypossibleasanepisodieuationthatisdesiredbythepleasureprincipleisproloonlyproducesafeelingofmildent。Wearesomadethatwederiveionlyfromatrastalefromastateofthings。Thusourpossibilitiesofhappinessarealreadyrestrictedbyourstitution。Unhappinessismuchlessdifficulttoexperiehreatehsufferingfromthreedireourownbody;whiedtodeddissolutionandwhiotevendowithoutpainayaswarningsignals;fromtheexternalworld，whichmayrageagainstuswithandmercilessforcesofdestrudfinallyfromourrelatiohesufferingwhithislastsourceisperhapsmorepainfultousthaeasakindofgratuitousaddition，althoughitotbeaefullyihesufferingwhielsewhere。

[4]Itisnowonderif，uhepressureofthesepossibilities，meomedtomoderatetheirclaimstohappiasthepleasurepriself，indeed，uheiheexternalwedintothemoremodestrealityprinciple2—ifamanthinkshimselfhappymerelytohaveeshappiohavesurvivedhissuffering，andifiaskofavoidingsufferiofobtaiothebad。Refleshowsthattheaentofthistaskbeattemptedalongverydifferentpaths;ahshavebeehevariousschoolsofworldlyutintopracti。Aedsatisfaofeveryselfasthemostehodofgomeansputtibefore，andssitsowheothermethods，inwhipleasureisthemainpurpose，aredifferentiatedagtothesourpleasuretowhichtheirattentiourhesemethodsareextremeae;someareone-sidedaheproblemsimultaseveralpoints。Againstthesufferingononefromhumaiosafeguardisvoluntaryisolation，keepingoneselfalooffromotherpeople。Thehappinesswhibeachievedalongthispathis，aswesee，thehappinessofquietness。Againstthedreadedexternalworldonelydefendoneselfbysomekindawayfromit，ifoosolvethetaskbyohereis，iherahatofbeemberofthehumanunity，and，withthehelpofateiqueguidedbysgovertotheattastnatureaihehumanwill。Thenwithallfoodofall。Butthemmethodssufferihosewhichseektoinfluenanism。Ianalysis，allsufferingishaion;itosinsofaraswefeelit，andweoinceofwaysinwhiisregulated。

。。。

[5]Aeiquefistheemploymentofthedisplatsoflibido3whientalapparatuspermitshwhissomuflexibility。Thetaskhereisthatofshiftiualaimsinsuchawaythattheyeupagainstfrustratioernalworld。Inthis，sublimatioslendsitsassistahemostifonesuffitlyheightentheyieldofpleasurefromthesourcesofpsydiualwork。Whenthatisso，fatedolittleagaiisfaofthiskind，suartist’sj，ingivinghisphantasiesbody，orastist’sinsolvingproblemsordisgtruths，hasaspecialqualitywhichweshalllyoocharametapsychologicalterms。Atpresentwelysayfigurativelythatsuchsatisfa“fineraheiriyismildasparedwiththatderivedfromthesatingofdprimaryinstinctualimpulses;itdoesnotvulseourphysig。Aofthismethodisthatitisnotapplierally:itisaccessibletoonlyafewpeople。Itpresupposesthepossessionofspecialdispositionsandgiftswincharefarfrombeingontoanypracticaldegree。Ahefewwhodopossessthem，thismethodotgivepleteprotesufferiesrablearmainstthearrowsoffortuhabituallyfailswhenthesourceisaperson’sownbody。

。。。

[6]Iheieness，Iwillventureonafewremarksasatoourenquiry。Theprogramofbeinghappy，whichthepleasureprincipleimposesonus，otbefulfilled;yetwemustnot—i—giveupoureffitofulfillmentbysomemeansorother。Verydifferentpathsmaybetakeninthatdiredriorityeithertothepositiveaspe，thatofgainingpleasure，ortoitshatofavoidingunpleasure。Byhesepathsweattainallthatwedesire。Happihereduseinwhichwereizeitaspossible，isaproblemoftheeics5oftheindividual’slibidoldenruleliestoeveryone:everymanmustfindoutforhimselfinarticularfashionhebesaved。Allkindsofdifferentfactorswilloperatetodirecthischoice。Itisaquestionofhowmuchrealsatisfaheexpetheexternalworld，howfarheisledtomakehimselfi，andfinally，howmugthhefeelshehasftheworldtosuithiswishes。Inthis，hispsystitutionwillplayadecisivepart，irrespectivelyoftheexternalces。Themanwhoispredomiicwillgivefirstprefereohisemotioionshipstootherpeople;thenarcissisti，whoiobeself-suffit，willseekhismainsatisfahisialprocesses;themanofawillheexternalworldoryouthisstrength。。。Apersonwhoisbornefavorableinstinstitution，androransformatiementofhislibidinalposwhidispeerats，willfindithardtoobtainhappinessfromhisexternalsituation，especiallyifheisfacedwithtasksofsomedifficulty。Asalastteiqueofliving，whichwillatleastbringhimsubstitutivesatisfas，heisofferedthatofaflightiiess—aflightwhichheusuallyaplisheswheillyoung。Themanwhoseeshispursuitofhappihinginlateryearsstillfindsolationintheyieldofpleasureoftoxi;orheembarkoeattemptatrebellionseeninapsychosis7。

[7]Religiohisplayofdadaptatioimposesequallyosownpathtotheaofhappinessaionfr。Itsteiquesistsihevalueoflifeanddistthepictureoftherealworldinadelusionalmanner—whichpresupposesanintimidatioelligehisprice，byforciblyfixiateofpsyfantilism8andbydrawioamassdelusiionsusparingmanypeopleanindividualneurosis9。Buthardlyanythihereare，aswehavesaid，manypathswhichmayleadtosuessasisattainablebymen，butthereisnonewhichdoessofor。Evenreligionotkeepitspromise。IfthebelieverfinallyseeshimselfobligedtospeakofGod’s“inscrutabledecrees”，heisadmittingthatallthatislefttohimasalastpossiblesolationandsourceofpleasureinhissufferingisanunission。Andifheispreparedforthat，hecouldprobablyhavesparedhimselfthedetourhehasmade。

Notes

1。pleasureprinostfurivingistoleasureandaain。Pleasureishensomekindoftensionisrelieved。

&yprihepriheego，tstoreciletheid’sdesires>